1. The Learning Process (Interpretation)
1.1 When an infant opens their eyes, the information entering the brain cells from the eyes sequentially activates groups of brain cells. The activation of one group of brain cells represents a specific object perceived in reality.
1.2 The infant randomly activates brain cells associated with the activation of body muscle cells. Information is transmitted to the brain through visual input from the eyes and tactile input from the body. Groups of brain cells attempt to activate and perceive body position. The brain cell groups related to body movement and the brain cell groups that perceive body position are sequentially activated, gradually forming sequential synaptic connections.
1.3 When an infant is repeatedly shown a photo of a tiger with the word “Tiger” written below it, the brain cell group representing the physical tiger is activated simultaneously with the brain cell group representing the word “Tiger.” Because these two cell groups are repeatedly activated at the same time, a unidirectional synapse forms between them: from the physical tiger to the word “Tiger,” and also a unidirectional synapse from the word “Tiger” to the physical tiger. From then on, seeing a tiger will trigger the memory of the word, and seeing the word will simultaneously trigger the memory of the tiger. This forms an abstraction from the image to the word, and the infant has learned a concept.
1.4 Repeatedly observing the ABC alphabet in sequence leads to the formation of sequentially activating alphabet brain cell groups in the brain. This is how the sequence between concepts is learned.
1.5 An infant repeatedly crawls from the bedroom to the balcony and back. The information perceived along the route is input into the brain, and the brain sequentially activates groups of brain cells. Different brain cell groups represent different scenes, and these cell groups form a three-dimensional distance reference coordinate system. Through this local update of the brain, a memory (i.e., a model of the real world) is constructed.
1.6 After memorizing the alphabet, the brain cell groups activated by the concepts of A and Z form a multi-dimensional distance reference coordinate system. Through this local update of the brain, a memory (i.e., a model of the conceptual world) is constructed.
- Speculations on the Human Brain and Human Intelligence
2.1 Hierarchy, Temporality (synapses transmit neurotransmitters unidirectionally), and Memory (the brain does not update its state at an extremely high frequency like a computer; the frequency of alternating brain cell activation is not high).
2.2 Sparsity and Low Energy Consumption: Only a very small fraction of brain cells are in an active state at any given moment.
2.3 Constant Prediction: Brain cell groups are constantly activating according to the sequence of synaptic connections.
2.4 Constant Local Brain Restructuring: The brain constantly restructures locally (changing synaptic connections) based on the activation sequence of brain cell groups.
2.5 All inputs originate from fundamentally different manifestations of the real world. All inputs (visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, olfactory) will eventually unify into the activated state of one group of brain cells.
2.6 The constituent parts of intelligence should be simple and reproducible. Intelligence processes different types of input (visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, olfactory) through a single, unified, and concise principle to construct a model of the world in the brain.
2.7 When the brain controls body movements, the sequentially connected brain cell groups activate in sequence. Simultaneously, the corresponding brain cell groups representing the perceived body position are activated. The brain restructures locally (changes synaptic connections) due to the activation sequence of the brain cell groups, thereby achieving the correction of body movement control. If the activation sequence of the brain cell groups representing the perceived body position has been correctly connected, the connection will be reinforced.
2.8 Brain learning is continuous and local. It only adjusts the closest and most relevant parts of the brain, unlike large language models which must reconstruct all weights, thus reducing energy consumption.
2.9 For survival, the brain must be low-energy. Only by building the most efficient and concise model of the world in the brain can an organism better survive.
2.10 When a locally correct short-term prediction leads to a globally incorrect long-term prediction, the brain will restructure the local area to form a locally suboptimal but globally optimal connection, avoiding long-term global inefficiency.
2.11 For every brain cell, the task performed is simple and identical, yet the collective of brain cells exhibits intelligence.
2.12 Paper and pen play an important role in human intelligence.
2.13 After memorizing the alphabet ABC and forming sequential connections in the brain, whenever any input causes the concept of letter A to appear in the brain, a group of brain cells representing A will naturally release neurotransmitters through a unidirectional synapse, causing a group of brain cells representing B to activate. However, if the subject repeatedly sees C immediately after A, rather than B, then the B and C cell groups will be activated simultaneously when the A cell group is active. Due to the demand for efficiency, the synapse between A and B will gradually be replaced by the synapse between A and C. B is the imagination naturally activated by A due to brain connections formed by past experiences. C is what is actually seen immediately after A. The AC synapse is a connection relationship forcibly formed by the constant appearance of facts. The strengthening of the AC connection will inevitably happen just by observing the fact, regardless of whether one actively imagines it. The AB pathway is imagined due to past synaptic connections. Unless the AB connection is deliberately reinforced through recollection, it will always be weakened by the AC fact.
2.14 Regarding Perception and Action: When the brain cell group associated with the right foot moving a certain distance to the right is activated, the brain cell group activated by the right foot actually moving right and contacting the ground immediately follows. This builds a continuously activated action cell group in the brain. As long as the brain recalls the initial activated cell group of this action, the entire action sequence can be triggered. The brain is essentially constructing a mapping related to the external real world.
2.15 High efficiency and low energy consumption require the fewest possible connections between brain cells and the representation of the most features of the world with the fewest possible brain cells. The ideal state is one brain cell representing one feature of the world. In reality, for fault tolerance, to avoid single-point failure, and to represent more concepts, multiple brain cells are needed to represent one concept. Features require focusing on boundaries and differences. Visual cells focus on edges.
2.16 The cortical areas responsible for sensation have sparse connections. The prefrontal cortex, responsible for complex cognition and reasoning, has dense connections.
2.17 The existing gaps between current Artificial Intelligence and Human Intelligence are: The human brain has extremely low energy consumption, whereas large language AI models have extremely high energy consumption; humans can learn continuously at a low cost, whereas large language AI models require wholesale restructuring to learn; humans achieve unsupervised learning through interaction with reality, learning both movement and understanding reality, whereas large language AI models cannot achieve unsupervised learning through interaction with reality.
2.18 The brain is constructing a three-dimensional model of the real world, and the sequential synaptic connections represent time in the real world. The brain is also constructing a multi-dimensional model of the conceptual world, and the sequential connections between brain cells form causal relationships between concepts.